Abbas Karimi استاد دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران author Homayoon Rezaei nejad دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس author text article 2012 per In spite of the establishment of the administrative justice court as an especial forum for hearing the actions against the public and state  institutions including municipality, the cases against that municipality do  not follow a same way and depending on the roots of such liability, the procedures are different. In this paper by outlining the different actions against the municipality we tries to identify in which cases the administrative justice court and in which cases the general courts are competent to hear the cases against municipality. University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 5 34 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35123_2cf63339317aaa679a5f190a78e926c7.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35123 Saeed Habiba دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران author Mojtaba Eshraghi Arani دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران author text article 2012 per   Presently, due to economic importance and the high value of intellectual property assets or their possibility to being damaged, having intellectual property insurance coverage is a necessity. However, since it is a new policy that provides special coverage of intellectual property risks, it is necessary to explain its elements  such as risk (sinister), insurable interest holder, time and the territorial limits of this policy, which are examined in this article. University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 35 53 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35124_a81af0d584d7d6e845b00a4be2993350.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35124 Fakhroddin Asghari Aghmashhadi دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران author Shahram Asghari دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه مازندران author text article 2012 per Under article 267 of the civil code, a person who pays the debt of the other without his permission cannot recover the amount paid as the payment of debt in this situation appears to be gratuitous. Nevertheless, in different codes, the legislator has permitted a third party to pay the debts of the others in some situations.. By carefully examining these cases, it can be said that anytime the third party pays the other's debt in order to prevent his loss or the debtor's, the payment does not appear to be gratuitous and the third party can recover the amount paid for restraining the unjust enrichment and undue utilization and because of handling their property. University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 55 69 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35125_bcd4d03231918e7d5adccaeb5e394d2c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35125 Mohamad Hassan Sadeghi Moghadam دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران author Hosein Komeili Esfahani دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران author text article 2012 per Handicrafts and traditional arts play an important role in society. Peoples’ identification essentially depend on the art industry. Today, the use of cultural tools as a source of creativity has an important role in the development of traditional societies and result in the promotion of sustainable development.  Undoubtedly, we must consider its economic role as the main source revenue and attraction for tourism. Unfortunately in recent years, due to inefficiency and lack of attention by the trustees, foreign countries have imitated and produced works of Iranian original art and imported them with lower prices and inferior ingredients into international and Iranian markets without considering the rights of the Iranian producers. This can cause damage to the country's economy and culture. Hence the legal protection of traditional arts in the form of intellectual property rights has many positive results for Iran. The role of the government, choosing the best system and solution to support this protection is effective in promoting these goals. This paper will survey and present the best system for the protection of Iran’s handicrafts.  University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 71 96 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35175_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35175 Reza Maghsoody استادیار دانشکده ادبیات علوم و انسانی، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه گیلان author text article 2012 per The exercise of jurisdiction as a feature of sovereignty application of states has passed from traditional rule of territoriality and has included goods outside of state territory. The expansion of jurisdictional rule that has been justified on the basis of state interests and legitimate benefits of private persons imposed enormous costs on litigant parties and forums. The provision of public benefits and fairness hearing requires that the forum decline from extended jurisdiction while considering  factors such as parallel proceeding in foreign countries, the existence of suitable situations for proceeding in foreign countries or the necessity of comity observance to foreign states University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 97 125 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35126_b053757d575648bb06beffea085a183c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35126 Ebrahim Rahbari استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه اصفهان author Najmeh Kazemi Ahooei کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز author text article 2012 per The protection of legitimate interests in commercial relations has raised endless concerns for persons and undertakings and they have always tried to employ different available tools achieving mentioned goals. The Non-competition agreement or clause is considered an efficient instrument, with special attention in its function in preventing others from competitive activities, particularly in the absence of explicit statutes.  It can protect diverse varieties of legal interests such as trade secrets and good will in various relations. This paper examines statutes, doctrines and the latest judicial judgments in different legal systems about functional aspects of the non-competition clause in commercial relations.  It also shows that, in observing the potentials and goals of the non-competition agreement, its function, in despite of dominant approaches, should not be limited to supporting certain interests and relations. University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 127 156 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35176_923798806d5d08886fff8a5488253e6f.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35176 Seyed Majid Mirhoseini دانش آموختۀ دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران author text article 2012 per Presently, conflict rules have gone beyond inflexible and purposeless physical connection factors and have approached instrumentalism and economic functions.  This evolution defined as rule utilitarianism in conflict of laws and determination of applicable law to product liability in Rome II Regulations in this manner.  Protection of consumers in this category has been said to be the foundation of the application of the law of the country in which the person who sustained the damage had his or her habitual residence when the damage occurred.  But this foundation should not be regarded as the true purpose of this rule because this result would not be achieved unless the person who sustained the damage could choose the applicable law among several national laws that are in connection to his litigation; The freedom to choose the governing law by consumers is appropriate to legal foundations in Iranian law. University of Tehran 2008-840X 9 v. 1 no. 2012 157 181 https://jolt.ut.ac.ir/article_35177_af1422bfc7bd870802059f8d363b990e.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jolt.2012.35177