Analytical Framework for the Validity Criteria of Contracts Based on Article 10 of the Iranian Civil Code

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22059/jolt.2025.397498.1007393

Abstract

One of the consequences of the principle of freedom of will in law is the validation of newly emerging contracts that is constantly expanding. By adhering to this principle without criteria, all contracts are considered valid, and the undesirable consequence of such an approach is the futility of the command and prohibitions of Sharia in the field of contracts. In adhering to this principle in contracts, jurists have presented three approaches: recourse to contractual freedom in the absence of a specific element of a contract, recourse in the absence of the characteristics of a contract, and recourse in the event of an undisclosed promise in accordance with Article 10 and justice and fairness, each of which faces important prohibitions. In this article, this criterion is presented with a descriptive-analytical method, which states that f the general elements of a contract exist but its specific elements are absent, and the contract is titled under Article 10 or reconciliation, considering that these cases are based on mutual consent and agreement, will not be deemed void, since ignorance or the absence of specific elements, in the absence of juristic consensus on invalidity, does not render it null. However, if a specific determined and named contract is concluded without the existence of the elements, if the intention of the parties to that title is established, the contract is void. Otherwise, and if there is no consensus on the invalidity, the opinion favoring the contract’s validity is defensible.

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References

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Private Law
Volume 22, Issue 1
Spring & Summer
April 2025
Pages 113-123

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