Copyright and Related Rights Challenges in AI-Generated Works Using Training Data

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Private and Islamic Law, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran

2 Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran

3 Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence has introduced significant challenges to traditional intellectual property frameworks. The use of copyrighted works and materials protected by related rights in training generative models reveals that existing regimes—particularly those governing related rights—are inadequate to address emerging practical complexities. This study adopts a comparative methodology, examining the legal systems of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Iran to assess how legal gaps, the absence of clear protections for performers and phonogram producers, and the lack of effective mechanisms for detecting infringements in AI training processes generate uncertainty regarding the lawful use of training data. The analysis shows that achieving coherent protection of training data and AI‑generated outputs in Iran requires legislative reform and the establishment of clearer legal standards. Drawing on international experience, the study further argues that targeted policy measures can help bridge existing regulatory gaps and provide a more predictable and balanced framework for stakeholders.

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Main Subjects

References

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Private Law
Volume 22, Issue 2
Autumn & Winter
October 2025
Pages 179-193

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