The Impact of the Nature of Anfal on the Scope of Private Ownership in Forest and Rangeland Lands

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran

2 Department of Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Private ownership is recognized as a fundamental right in Iran’s legal system; however, it may be limited where it conflicts with public interests and the legal concept of Anfal. Forests and rangelands constitute a significant area of tension in this regard, as they are legally categorized as Anfal despite a historical background of private possession. Adopting a jurisprudential–legal approach within private law, this study examines the impact of the Anfal doctrine on private property rights in such lands. The main issue is whether classification as Anfal results in the complete negation of private ownership or merely its restriction. The findings indicate that, based on jurisprudential principles such as possession (yad), revival of dead land (ihyāʾ al-mawāt), and dominion (tasallut), ownership of lands revived prior to nationalization remains valid. Accordingly, the rules governing Anfal operate primarily to restrict ownership in pursuit of public interest, not to extinguish it absolutely.

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References

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Private Law
Volume 22, Issue 2
Autumn & Winter
October 2025
Pages 251-264

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